The truth about sun damage

As dermatologists, one of the most common concerns we see in our practice is sun damage. Whether it shows up as wrinkles, dark spots, or more serious conditions like skin cancer, sun damage is both widespread and largely preventable. In this post, we’ll explore what sun damage really is, what it looks like, how you can protect yourself, and what treatments are available if damage has already occurred.

What Is Sun Damage?

Sun damage, or photodamage, occurs when ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun (or artificial sources like tanning beds) penetrate the skin and cause changes to its structure. There are two main types of UV rays that affect the skin:

UVA rays: These penetrate deep into the skin and are responsible for premature aging, such as wrinkles and sunspots.
UVB rays: These affect the outer layers of the skin and are the main cause of sunburn. They also play a significant role in the development of skin cancers.

Over time, repeated exposure to UV rays breaks down collagen and elastin—two proteins that keep your skin firm and elastic—leading to visible signs of aging and increasing the risk of skin cancers, including melanoma.

What Does Sun Damage Look Like?

Sun damage can manifest in several ways, and it doesn’t always show up immediately. In fact, much of the damage builds up slowly over years of sun exposure. Here are some common signs:

Wrinkles and fine lines: Caused by the breakdown of collagen and elastin.
Hyperpigmentation: These are dark spots or patches, also known as sunspots, age spots, or liver spots.
Rough or dry skin texture: Often accompanied by a leathery appearance.
Broken capillaries: Especially on the nose and cheeks, where skin is thinner.
Redness and blotchiness: Persistent redness may indicate chronic sun exposure.
Actinic keratoses: These are rough, scaly patches that can be precancerous.
Skin cancer: The most serious consequence of sun damage. This includes basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.

If you notice new or changing moles, sores that don’t heal, or unusual growths, it’s important to have them evaluated by a dermatologist as soon as possible.

How to Prevent Sun Damage

The best treatment for sun damage is prevention. Here are the most effective strategies:

1. Use Sunscreen Daily

Apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher every day, even when it’s cloudy. Reapply every two hours when outdoors, and more often if you’re swimming or sweating.

2. Seek Shade

Avoid direct sun exposure, especially between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. when UV rays are strongest.

3. Wear Protective Clothing

Long sleeves, wide-brimmed hats, and sunglasses offer excellent protection. Many outdoor clothing brands now offer garments with built-in UV protection (look for UPF-rated fabrics).

4. Avoid Tanning Beds

These deliver concentrated doses of UVA and UVB rays and significantly increase your risk of skin cancer.

5. Be Extra Cautious Near Water, Snow, and Sand

These surfaces reflect sunlight, increasing UV exposure.

Treating Sun Damage

If you already have signs of sun damage, there are several treatments that can help improve your skin’s appearance and health. Options vary depending on the type and severity of the damage:

Topical Treatments

Retinoids (like tretinoin): Help reduce fine lines and improve skin texture and pigmentation.
Vitamin C serums: Offer antioxidant protection and help brighten sun-damaged skin.
Hydroquinone or other lightening agents: Useful for reducing dark spots and uneven pigmentation.

In-Office Procedures

Chemical Peels: Remove the outer layer of damaged skin, revealing smoother, healthier skin beneath.
Laser Therapy: Targets pigment or encourages collagen production to reduce wrinkles, redness, and spots.
Microneedling: Stimulates skin repair and collagen production.
Cryotherapy: Freezes and removes precancerous lesions like actinic keratoses.

Skin Cancer Treatment

For skin cancers, early detection is key. Treatment options include surgical removal, topical chemotherapy, or more advanced techniques depending on the type and stage of cancer.

When to See a Dermatologist

If you’re unsure whether a skin change is sun-related or something more serious, don’t wait. Regular skin checks—either self-exams or visits with a dermatologist—are essential. We recommend annual skin exams for most adults, and more frequently for those with a history of sun damage or skin cancer.

Final Thoughts

Sun damage may seem like an inevitable part of aging, but the truth is, much of it is preventable. With consistent sun protection and regular skin care, you can maintain healthy, youthful-looking skin and reduce your risk of more serious complications. And if damage has already occurred, there are effective treatments that can help reverse some of the effects and restore your skin’s vitality.

If you have concerns about sun damage or just want a professional skin check, we’re here to help. Contact our office to schedule a consultation—we’re committed to helping you protect and love the skin you’re in.